Environmental Protection and Human Security †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Environmental Protection and Human Security. Answer: Introduction: Chatham is a Medway towns situated in the Medway unitary authority that falls under the jurisdiction of North Kent in the South Eastern region of England. Chatham is located in the lower portion of the dip slope of North Downs and is surrounded by the River Medway that flows towards the south to north direction (Kent State of the Environment 2015) (Details of landscape is highlighted in the picture in the appendix portion). In spite of having a rich source of diversity from the forest, mountains and the river, the atmospheric condition Chatham-Kent is threatened due to increase in the rate of air and water pollution (The BBC News 2018). According to the Kent State of the Environment (2015) the growing population of Chatham-Kent is the leading cause behind the increase in the rate of population (details of population increase is provided in the appendix). Kent State of the Environment (2015) has further highlighted that increase in the rate of immigrants are the leading cause behind t he increase in population and thereby leading to climatic change. The following assignment aims to analyse two most threatening environmental issues in Chatham-Kent (air pollution and water pollution) followed by its impacts on health and strategies undertaken by government in order to reduce the severity of the problem. At the end, the assignment will try to recommend few advanced strategies that might be proved to be helpful in order to reduce the escalating threats of unbalanced pollution in Chatham-Kent. According to the Kent State of the Environment (2015), Chatham suffers from worst air pollution during the days of light breeze and stable wind conditions in comparison to other places in Kent. On these particular days, a wide area Chatham of can get affected. Moreover, the majority of the suburbs location in Chatham experience identical degree of air pollution. However, the regions near the river banks in Chatham, receive high level of river breezes have comparatively better air conditions. On the other hand, the marshy land, which is popularly known as St Marys Island and has have the worse conditions in comparison to other areas. The reason behind this is several new developments of housing estates which cause (Kent State of the Environment 2015). According to Kent State of the Environment (2015), increase in the population density leads to the settlement of the gravity the pollutants especially during the calm nights. Population residing on or within 100 meter of the major roads have poor air quality (Kent State of the Environment 2015). According to the Kent State of the Environment (2015), one of the greatest factors responsible for the Chathams air pollution is the harmful emission coming out from the motor vehicles. In Chatham, two, four and six wheelers amounts approximately 70% of yearly emissions of carbon mono-oxide and nitrous oxide or other oxide of nitrogen. The rest 30% of emission amounts for about organic compounds which are volatile in nature and airborne particles. During winter, the wood combustion for domestic purposes is considered to be the major source of the winter smog. Such room heaters contribute double as much as particle pollution per Kg of the burnt wood. According to Kent State of the Environment (2015), industrial manufacturing activities like electricity generation accounts for about 80% of the total sulphur di-oxide emission in Chatham. Majority of the air pollutants coming from the generation of electricity are emitted via c himneys or stacks and these chimney are more than 100 meters tall thus the pollutants emitted from the tall stacks are widely dispersed but becomes thin in concentration when they settles down. Environment Protection UK (2018) is of the opinion that the major air pollutants present in Chatham include ozone, nitrogen oxide, sulphur dioxide and other fine or coarse particles. Water is an essential component of life. The human use of water resources in Kent has cast a significant impact on the water environment of Chatham. While large water bodies in Chatham are mainly in their natural conditions, other are gradually becoming saltier or getting higher in concentration of natural silt deposition and levels of nutrients. Some of the common indicators of the human impacts over the water include pest plants and algal blooms. The subsequent water treatment is extremely costly and this will eventually increase the scarcity of water. Couple with the silt deposition and algal bloom formation, there is fast deterioration and erosion of the catchments. The soils from the water banks are lost along with the decline in biodiversity. Moreover, due farmlands are becoming unusable because of this high salinity of the water thus decreasing the land fertility (Kent State of the Environment 2015). According to Environment Protection UK (2018), the pollutants enter inside th e water bodies via two principal ways: point source and non-point sources. According to the reports published by (CBC News 2018), the scenario of the water pollution is so serious in Chatham Kent that the families residing in the Chatham Kent is now scared about the black and salty water in the well. According to the reports, the government has notified them that the quality of the drinking water has changed and the reason highlighted by them is wind turbines and not due to increase in the high rise constructions. However, the scenario of blaming and re-blaming is continuing because, the wind turbine companies blames the high traffic and well pumps as the principal reason behind the escalating amount of the water pollution in Kent-Chatham (CBC News 2018). Apart from the human activity, emission of the heavy metals as industrial waste in the water bodies also leads to the development of water pollution creating a global risk for the human health (Fernndez-Luqueo et al. 2013). Accordi ng to BBC News (2018), at present the sea surrounding England is contaminated via tiny plastics and in order to make the scenario worse, the plastics that are entering oceans are becoming toxic via adsorbing oily pollutants present on their surface and this toxic is transferred to the fishes and this in turn gets transmitted into human. Moreover there is no proper waste management procedure (Gusti 2009). UK government is only planning to recycle those plastics into Kayaks but that process is designated to be expensive (BBC News 2018). Government of UK Environment agency (2018), has the duty to check the water quality of the sea which is designated as the bathing sites in England. According to the reports published the weekly assessment between May to September, current water quality in England is deteriorating and this forecast the risk of high level of water pollution (Refer to the images in the appendix). How pollution cast adverse impact on health Air pollution contributes to significant amount of morbidity and mortality while some affects contribute to short-term exposure while other affects contributes to long term exposure (Naddafi et al. 2012). The reports published Kent State of the Environment (2015) revealed that that air population in Chatham-Kent is associated with rise in the risk of hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory disease during the year 2012. There is also a direct association of air pollution with the admissions related to asthmatic attack among the children. According to Naddafi et al. (2012), the state-of-the-art epidemiological research has elucidated that coherent and consistent relation between air pollution and health related outcomes like respiratory symptoms, chronic bronchitis, decreased lung functions and reduced lung functions. The relative risks associated with the air pollution are comparatively small. For example for a healthy adult, the average risk of dying might increase for any given day via less than 1% if the atmospheric concentration of the inhalable ( 10 meter diameter) particulate matter (PM10) increase via 10 micro gram /m3 (Naddafi et al. 2012). However, the short term risks of the air pollution like respiratory and cardiovascular mortality, hospital admissions for pulmonary diseases and cardiovascular disease, COPD and acute myocardial infarction may significantly increases the health complications during the later stages of life (Naddafi et al. 2012). Anderson, Thundiyil and Stolbach (2012) further opined that the short term acute exposures subtly up lifts the rate of cardiovascular complications within few days of pollution spike. The group of population who are directed towards the long-term exposure of PM have significantly higher incidents of cardiovascular complications along with increased mortality rate. According to Anderson, Thundiyil and Stolbach (2012), PM is ascertained to contribute cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease via t he mechanism of systemic inflammation, indirect and direct activation of coagulation factor and direct translocation inside the systemic inflammation. The susceptibility of the respiratory diseases are also increased via the significant exposure to PM. PM leads to pulmonary related mortality and morbidity via generating inflammation along with oxidative stress that leads to the development of pulmonary anatomic and physiologic remodelling. According to Lelieveld et al. (2015), PM leads to worsening of the respiratory complications followed by decrease in function of the pulmonary organs, recurrent healthcare utilization and increased rate of mortality. Domestic and hospital sewage contains numerous pathogenic micro-organisms which are undesirable and its disposal into the water bodies leads to an epidemic outbreak of bacterial diseases like dysentery, typhoid, cholera and jaundice. Moreover, the presence of bacterial contamination into the water bodies and contact of that contaminated water with the human body gives rise to skin diseases and other dermatological complications (Frstner and Wittmann 2012). Presence of heavy metals within the water bodies like zinc, leads, arsenic, copper, mercury and cadmium leads adversely affects both the human begins and animals feeding that water. Presence of mercury in the waste water care converted into methyl mercury via bacterial action which gives rise to Minamata disease, a neurological syndrome affecting both fishes and human. Lead emitted as industrial waste causes lead poisoning leading to headache, anaemia and loss of muscle power. Cadminium poisoning causes cancer for the pulmonary org ans causing itai-itai disease also known as ouch-ouch disease which causes painful disease of bones and joints (Frstner and Wittmann 2012). Strategies undertaken in order to reduce pollution In order to protect the environment from the unhealthy yet harmful levels of air pollution, the government of Chatham-Kent has undertaken certain objectives in order to protect the health and wellbeing of plants animals and human beings. The major policy adopted by the European Government is to increase the funding against the environment protection. The main funding is being devoted towards the waste management particularly which are increasing the rate of water pollution (National Audit Office UK (2014). Moreover, there are further stringent controls upon the industrial discharges of the pollutants that have high tenacity to cast adverse health impacts. The expenditure also encompasses reduction in the emission of the threatening pollutants along with other industrial pollutants, which are emitted from the chimneys. Moreover, according to National Audit Office UK (2014), UK is also planning to meet the European air quality limit values via reduces the rate of emission of the harmfu l sulphur di-oxide and nitrogen oxides from the automobiles. According to the European Commission (2014), the government of UK is also planning to take active initiatives in order to reduce the rate of emission of the harmful nitrogen di-oxide in air as emitted from the automobiles (details of expenditure is highlighted in the appendix portion). The other measures undertaken in order to reduce the air pollution via the European Government include adoption of cleaner and environmental pollution free technology by both the small and large scale industries, installation of the tall chimneys in order to assist dispersion, instant removal of the pollutants from the exhaust chambers. The state government has also taken initiatives banning of the open burning and backyard incinerators, prohibition against the use of open-air fires for domestic heating along with discouraging the use of the old wood heaters that fail to satisfy the England standards. In the domain of automobile, the state g overnment has imposed reduction in the exhaust pollutants emitted from the cars via keeping the cars tunes and via reducing the number of cars released on the roads for transport per day (Environment Protection UK 2018). In order to ensure that the objectives of the policies are being met, Environment Protection (2018) keeps a detailed watch on the quality of air while setting appropriate air quality indicators via setting and revising goals and objectives of each indicator in a yearly manner. The National Audit Office UK (2014), the European Union proposed clean air policy package in the year 2013 in order to limit the rate of emission of the harmful gaes and small air particles into air. According to Environment Protection UK (2018) safeguarding the water bodies can be achieved via single organizations of via few individuals alone. Environment Protection UK helps to protect the water environment of Chatham-Kent via application of the environmental laws, policies and regulatory controls and via working into close partnership with the communities residing in Chatham-Kent including business organizations, governmental bodies, groups and individuals. Primarily, Environment Protection uses risk-based approaches in order to identify there are existing adverse impacts over the water bodies. The rationale behind this approach is, if a risk towards the water environment is easily identified then prompt actions can be taken in order to address the associated risks. This specific risk based approach is gradually gaining prominence among the environmental agencies and research bodies. Environment Protection UK (2018) also uses measures delivered under the Environment Protection Act UK (1990) in order to restrict the escalating population and thereby protecting the environment. In the industrial domains, certain types of industries popularly categorised under the scheduled premises are required to earn the approval from Environment Protection UK (2018) along with licensing controls before initiating their major works. This ensures that the works which have potential to adversely harm the environment are thoroughly examined in order to ensure that the parameters of the water environment are protected. Assessment undertaken by Environment Protection UK (2018) encourages the industry to employ efficient industrial processes in order to minimise the emission of the water waste. The same regulations of detailed assessment are also applicable to the research and developmental bodies. For example, the research proposals must be examined by the Environment Protection UK be fore getting permission to initiate the work Environment Protection UK (2018). Recommendations In the domain of reducing air pollution, the government must take active initiatives in order to increase the appeal, acceptability and safety of urban active travel along with subsequent discouragement of travel inside the private petrol or diesel driven motor vehicles (Woodcock 2009). According to Woodocock (2009), this will provide greater health benefits in comparison to the policies that are focused solely over the lower emission of the harmful gases from the motor vehicles or other automobiles. Turrell et al. (2013) have further opined that decrease in the inequalities in the socio-economic status will help in the sustainable use of the environmental resources and thereby reducing pollution. According to them, a balanced environment will be built where the advantaged people will be encouraged towards walking transport and on contrary; the disadvantaged people will be educated in the domain of keeping the environment pollution free via not throwing garbage into the water bodies and employing proper waste management. Stoett et al. (2016) further concluded that multilateral development institutions could help to dodge the risks via the integrated risk assessment in order to foresee the potential interacting threats towards the environment, social stability and health. Socially and ethically responsive, culturally sensitive, equitable yet politically correct and creative solutions are required in urgent in order to bring forwards the communities and the stakeholders together under a single umbrella where they will work in a united and committed from towards the betterment of the public and environmental health (Stoett et al. 2016). References Anderson, J.O., Thundiyil, J.G. and Stolbach, A., 2012. Clearing the air: a review of the effects of particulate matter air pollution on human health.Journal of Medical Toxicology,8(2), pp.166-175. BBC News (2018). Plastic sea pollution to be recycled into kayaks. Access date: 18th April. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-devon-42804681 CBC News. 2018. Chatham-Kent families fear they won't have clean drinking water after government report. Access date: 18th April. Retrieved from: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/water-wells-contaminated-ministry-environment-chatham-kent-turbines-1.4521473 Environment Protection UK. 2018. Air quality, land quality and noise. Access date: 18th April. Retrieved from: https://www.environmental-protection.org.uk/ European Commission (2014). Environmental protection. Access date: 18th April. Retrieved from: https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Environmental-Protection-briefing.pdf Fernndez-Luqueo, F., Lpez-Valdez, F., Gamero-Melo, P., Luna-Surez, S., Aguilera-Gonzlez, E.N., Martnez, A.I., Garca-Guillermo, M.D.S., Hernndez-Martnez, G., Herrera-Mendoza, R., lvarez-Garza, M.A. and Prez-Velzquez, I.R., 2013. Heavy metal pollution in drinking water-a global risk for human health: A review.African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology,7(7), pp.567-584. Frstner, U. and Wittmann, G.T., 2012.Metal pollution in the aquatic environment. Springer Science Business Media. Government of UK. 2018. Check the quality of beach and bathing water in England. Access date: 18th April. Retrieved from: https://www.gov.uk/quality-of-local-bathing-water Gusti, L. 2009 A review of waste management practices and their impact on human health. Waste Management 29(8), pp. 2227 -2238 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.03.028 Kent State of the Environment. 2015. A review of current and potential indicators within the Kent Environment Strategy. Access date: 18th April. Retrieved from: https://www.kent.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/63812/Kent-State-of-the-Environment-Report-Evidence-base-supporting-the-strategy.pdf Lelieveld, J., Evans, J.S., Fnais, M., Giannadaki, D. and Pozzer, A., 2015. The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale.Nature,525(7569), p.367. Naddafi, K., Hassanvand, M.S., Yunesian, M., Momeniha, F., Nabizadeh, R., Faridi, S. and Gholampour, A., 2012. Health impact assessment of air pollution in megacity of Tehran, Iran.Iranian journal of environmental health science engineering,9(1), p.28. National Audit Office UK (2014). Environmental protection. Access date: 18th April. Retrieved from: https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Environmental-Protection-briefing.pdf Stoett, P., Daszak, P., Romanelli, C., Machalaba, C., Behringer, R.., Chalk, F., Cornish, S., Dalby, S., Ferreira de Souza Dias, B., Iqbal, Z, Kock, T., Krampe, F. Lo, M, Martin, K., Matthew, K., Nickerson, JW, Orbanski, J. Price-Smith, A., Prieur-Richard, A, Raja, A., Secko, D.M., Suazo, A. and Swain, A. 2016. Comment: Avoiding catastrophes: seeking synergies amonf the public health, environmental protection and human security sectors. The Lancet Global Health 4 (10) pp e680 -681 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(16)30173-5 [E] Turrell, G., Haynes, M., Wilson, L.A. and Giles-Corti, B., 2013. Can the built environment reduce health inequalities? A study of neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage and walking for transport.Health place,19, pp.89-98. Woodcock, J., Edwards, P., Tonne, C., Armstrong, B. Ashiru, O. Banister, D. Beevers, S., Chalabi, Z., Chowdhury, Z., Cohen, A., Franco, O., Haines, A., Hickman, R., Lindsay, G. MIttall, I. Dinesh, M., Tiwari, G. Woodward, A. and Roberts, I. 2009. Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emission: urban land transport. The Lancet 374 (9705) pp. 1930 1943 [B]

Thats Embarassing free essay sample

I am officially turning into my mom. As she sings those happy tunes, most of which are made up, as she imitates silly characters or makes up her own funny nicknames and phrases, as she looks out the window and talks to squirrels, as she â€Å"eeks† and squeals over something exciting, I realize that I do all of the same things! People always say you carry traits of each of your parents, but they [people] never say that eventually you become your mother’s or father’s clone. I think I’m beginning to. While my mom cooks, you can hear her making up songs, such as, â€Å"where is the pepper†¦lala†¦yuuu huuu, Lalithaaaa, Rossin’ Bossin’, Meeeghann, Shaaaan, come and eat my little bears!† This is all done in a range of pitches and tunes. I tend to make up my own songs as well. â€Å"Gotta studyyy, hummm, hummm, where is my baaack pack,† or even â€Å"come oooon green light! Gotta go, gotta go, gotta goo†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Again, different tunes, different pitches, we both like to sing and hum to our own little jingles. We will write a custom essay sample on Thats Embarassing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Of course, I generally can sing pretty well, and we always joke around and wonder from which parent I received this trait. My mom has always thrown in wacky phrases here and there, and given us silly nicknames she calls us while out and about or at home. â€Å"Lalitha Balitha Kalitha!† I mean, really? Do not forget the famous, â€Å"Chuckles the Clown,† because let me tell you, he â€Å"is coming to town!† My â€Å"mamma bear† makes these up off the top of her head and just blurts them out. Actually, my whole family does, but the point is I know everyone can hear our conversations. How embarrassing. We’ve even gone out to the movies as a family and situations like this occur. I wonder why we do not go out anymore†¦just kidding. But, have you ever had your mom and/or dad stand up in the movie theatre, waving their arms loudly and proudly, indication that we [us kids] are sitting up there with them? Have you ever not heard what the movie was say ing because of how loudly your parents, in my situation, my dad, whisper? This isn’t a one-time thing for my family. Oh, and yes, I know they do this because they care about me and my safety, but I think I am the only near 18 year old who gets followed home if it is past 10:30†¦maybe 11:00. I am almost always embarrassed to tell my friends, â€Å"hey, go ahead and leave†¦ my parents want to follow me home.† Trust me, I have made up an excuse here and there before. It’s teenage life, man. I guess when I think about it all though, I cannot really talk. Telling my friends to â€Å"stop it little bop its,† as my mom would say, or calling them â€Å"baby bears† puts me in the same boat as her. Also, have you ever talked to a squirrel? I sure have. I wonder where that part of me came from. Oh, maybe my mom? I even squeal like my mom does when I get excited for something. Sure, excitement causes verbal breakouts, but I happen to emulate them, ac cidentally, just like my mom. I have definitely even been called â€Å"mom† before; on a daily basis, actually. Apparently I have a motherly nature to me. Weird, but I actually do not mind it. One day, I am sure I will be that parent who calls their child or has him or her text me or my husband just to let me know their every move. My brothers and sister do not have the clone trait I have. But honestly, I do not really mind. The things my mom does may be embarrassing, but funny; and she might be that motherly, soccer mom, number one fan kind of mom, but that’s her job. I just happen to be turning into her. I am sure one day when I have a child, he or she will be explaining this same story to his or her friends about how I do embarrassing things and act so motherly. I like being like my mom; I am her number one fan. Although I am becoming her, I do not think it is such a bad thing.

European Settlement in the New World Essay Example

European Settlement in the New World Essay The displacement of Indians and the enslavement of Africans tarnished the early history of European settlement in the New World’. Illustrate this statement by discussing the African slave trade and relations between European settlers and the various Native American peoples. America was regarded as the continent of new opportunities, religion freedom, new ideas, innovation. In other words, it was claimed to be the New World. Many people headed to America hoping to give a new beginning to their lives. Up to this point, we expect to learn wonderfulthings about the foundation of the States. Nonetheless, the displacement of Indians and the enslavement of Africans tarnished the early history of European settlers in what it was supposed to be the New World. Besides this, there were two other developments that, together with the introduction of this system of chattel slavery, shaped life in the mainland colonies between 1640 and 1720. The English were amateurs when it came to slavery, though other Europeans were not. During the fifteenth century, the Spanish and Portuguese had already imported enslaved Africans as labourers into the islands of the Mediterranean Atlantic. The rising demand for sugar, coffee, cotton, and tobacco created a greater demand for slaves by other slave trading countries. Thus, Europeans needed bound labourers, that is, people who, by law or contract, could be forced to work. In the case of the English, the candidates for this workforce were young English men who were offered opportunities so as to work in the New World provided the accepted a seven year contract. Nevertheless, when the supply of English indentured servants began to become scarce in the 1660s, Chesapeake planters turned to Africans. We will write a custom essay sample on European Settlement in the New World specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on European Settlement in the New World specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on European Settlement in the New World specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They began to import already enslaved Africans from Caribbean sugar islands and then to purchase slaves directly from Africa. Due to this African population in Virginia started to grow. Spain, France, the Dutch, and English were in competition for the cheap labor needed to work their colonial plantation system producing those lucrative goods. The slave trade was so profitable that, by 1672, the Royal African Company chartered by Charles II of England superseded the other traders and became the richest shipper of human slaves to the mainland of the Americas. The slaves were so valuable to the open market they were eventually called Black Gold. By the end of the century, African slavery was established as the basis of the economy in the Chesapeake. The settlers went up to the west area of Africa for the selection of slaves for a great deal of reasons. That part of the country was one of the most fertile and densely inhabited regions of the continent so the trade in human beings did not depopulated the area. In Guinea, the chief consequences of the trade were political and economic. Coastal rulers served as middlemen, allowing the establishment of permanent slave-trading posts in their territories and supplying resident Europeans with slaves to fill ships that stopped regularly at the coastal forts. These rulers controlled both European traders’ access to slaves and inland peoples’ access to desirable European goods. Europeans were the main beneficiaries of this traffic of slaves. The expanding network of trade between Europe and its colonies was fuelled by the sale and transportation of slaves, the exchange of commodities produced by slave labour, and the need to feed and clothe so many bound labourers. The sugar planters of the Caribbean and Brazil purchased slaves from Africa, dispatched shiploads of valuable staple crops to Europe, and bought large quantities of cheap food. By the late seventeenth century, commerce in slaves and the products of slave labour constituted the basis of the European economic system. Europeans fought to control the slave trade. The Portuguese had at first dominated the trade, but they were supplanted by the Dutch in the 1630s. The Dutch lost out the English, who controlled the trade through the Royal African Company, a joint-stock company chartered by Charles II in 1672. By the end of the eighteenth century, independent traders were carrying most of the Africans imported into the colonies and earning huge profits. The slave codes robbed the Africans of their freedom and will power. Slaves did resist this treatment, therefore strict and cruel punishment was on hand for disobeying their masters. Slaves were forbidden from carrying guns, taking food, striking their masters, and running away. All slaves could be flogged or killed for resisting or breaking the slave codes. Some slave states required both slaves and free blacks to wear metal badges. Those badges were embossed with an ID number and occupation. Refusing to obey their masters demands created a duel crisis on the part of the resisting slaves and their demanding owners. The most common form of resistance used by the slaves was to run away. To live as a runaway required perfect escape routes and exact timing. Where to hide, finding food, leaving the family and children behind became primary issues for the escaping slaves. Later, the severe punishment had to be faced whenever a hunted slave was caught and returned to bondage. Many slaves ran off and lived in the woods or vast wilderness in the undeveloped American countryside. This group of slaves were called maroons, for they found remote areas in the thick forest and mainly lived off wild fruits and animals as food. Some of these maroons ran off, lived, and even married into segments of the Native American populations. They were later called Black Indians. Regarding relations between European settlers and Native American peoples, the latter ones enthusiastically welcomed European settlers to their shores up to the third decade of the seventeenth century. Many thought the armed Europeans would protect them from their more powerful native enemies. Natives generously shared with the settlers their belongings, supplies, food, and the skills necessary for survival in the New World. What the settlers gave them in exchange was destined to destroy them: disease, firearms, whiskey, a brutal religion totally at odds with nature, and a demand for material goods that would rob them of their independence. Within ten years of the arrival of Winthrop and his party, the natives welcome of the settlers had worn out. The settlers had appeared on the scene with two objectives in mind with regard to the Indians: secure their land and convert them to Christianity. The natives soon saw trade as the settlers means of exploitation. Sachems began to resent missionaries as interlopers interested only in preparing the way for land grabs. The English made their own laws on what for centuries had been native soil and held natives accountable to English rules. Moreover, any breach of English aw resulted in a natives being subjected to a public humiliation unknown in his or her own culture. Relations were scarcely improved by the Puritan attitude toward the natives. To the European mind, the natives were sub fiends in the service of the devil whose domain included any untamed land in the New World. Resentment naturally mounted. But it was the differing views of land and the English determination to acquire New World land that caused open warfare to erupt. It is within the context of the native view that land was to be held in common that one must understand the business arrangements between European settlers and the natives. Often the natives had no understanding of what it meant to sell land to the settlers. And according to Roger Williams, a Puritan minister in sympathy with the Indians, Europeans used the natives naivete in this regard to acquire huge tracts of land without fully explaining the exclusive rights they intended securing and without fair and proper payment. At first, the natives blithely sold tribal lands in small and large tracts, believing that ownership would not exclude them from using the land. They realized only later that what the Europeans were doing was rapidly acquiring exclusive private use of virtually all the tribal lands in New England and subjecting natives on these lands to the laws of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. One instance that reveals the conflict that arose because of the differing views of land ownership centered on the area of Dedham, Massachusetts, which European capitalists had acquired from the natives. The owners of the land actually lived hundreds of miles away-not on the land they owned in Dedham. Seeing no activity on the land, the natives believed they were free to hunt, trap, fish, build houses, and cultivate gardens there. This attitude was not removed from that of the philosopher John Locke, who so strongly influenced the thinking of the fathers of the American Revolution. He wrote that one could own the land only with which one mixed ones labourand could actually use. But the colonists were massing great estates on which they might eventually establish business enterprises, and they strongly objected to the presence of the natives on land that they now owned. Similar quarrels began to occur throughout the colonies, leading to armed hostilities. There were many conflicts between settlers and natives throughout the colonial period. One of the first major conflicts occurred in 1637. Word reached Boston in July that an English trader named John Oldham had been killed by Pequot Indians. The New England colonies raised a militia and waged war against the Pequot for a solid year. On June 5, 1637, a militia destroyed a large Pequot village at Stonington, Connecticut, and a little over a month later a military force made up of soldiers from three New England colonies tracked down the survivors of the Stonington village at a place near New Haven and slaughtered all they could find. Other Pequot men and boys who were eventually captured were sold into slavery in the West Indies. The women and girls became slaves to white settlers in New England. With their numbers decimated, their main villages burned, their stored food and supplies stolen, the few Survivors in this tribe left for the west. This was the end of the entire tribes presence in New England. Although for forty years after this incident, there was no open warfare between settlers and natives, relations between them were hardly cordial. Individuals from both camps were guilty of murders and thefts, and the English continued to gobble up land. Land disputes continued, the one at Dedham in 1668 and 1669 being one of the most prominent. There were also quarrels with the Narraganset in Rhode Island where Massachusetts Bay businessmen, under the Atherton Company, began commandeering immense amounts of Indian land. In this case, the European settlers of Rhode Island sided with the natives against the settlers of Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut. After the embittered Narragansett caused property damage near some Connecticut plantations, the New England Confederation demanded that the natives either pay a fine, which was too large for them to meet, or forfeit all their lands to the business corporation. Immediate disaster was averted when the king of England, Charles II, intervened at Rhode Islands request to side with the Narraganset and voided the claims of the Atherton Company. Still, the company tried to ignore the kings dictate and continued appropriating Narraganset land. Throughout the 1660s and 1670s, the General Courts of the Massachusetts Bay or Plymouth Colony made a habit of hauling tribal sachems before them to quiz them on rumors of conspiracies or allegiances with tribes or nationals that the bay considered unfriendly. Once these hearings were over, the court would present the defendant with a bill for court costs, as it did the Wampanoag chief, King Philip, in 1667. The reason for the disintegration of relations and the buildup of hostilities was simple: the colonists planned on and were determined to secure key Indian land as part of the expansion into the Connecticut Valley, and the Indians were determined that this would not happen. King Philip had historically been friendly with the settlers, but suspicions mounted, rumors raged on, and the English demanded that various tribes surrender their weapons. When the English suspected that the natives had not surrendered their weapons, they prepared for war in 1671, finally forcing the natives to pay ? 100 worth of goods to the colony, to recognize English law, and to accede to any colonies decisions regarding the disposal of Indian land. For four years, King Philip and other sachems inwardly seethed over the humiliation. Finally, in June 1675, after Plymouth Colonys execution of three of King Philips men for the murder of an informant, the Indian chief began his raids on settlements in a year-long war in which many native tribes sided with the settlers. Some fifty towns along the frontier were burned. By 1676, the English had lost about 2,000 people, and the natives had lost about 4,000 in battle. With the decisive defeat of King Philips forces in 1676 (King Philip himself was killed, drawn and quartered, and his head brought to Boston for display) came the virtual end of the native tribes in New England. There was no longer a question of negotiating for land or paying the usual ? 25 for an estate. All Indian land was now up for confiscation as the settlers ictated the terms for takeovers and appropriated Indian land as the spoils of war. Prisoners of war were executed by the scores, most without trial and many of whom had been friendly to the settlers. Immediately, however, New England businessmen realized the cash value of the prisoners, so many more were sold into slavery and shipped to the West Indies, Spain, and the Mediterranean. Those deemed less dangerous became bound servants in the colonies to alleviate the perpetual labou rshortage. Natives, who fifty years earlier had called the whole New England area their home, to be held in common with their brothers, were restricted to reservations. The more fortunate of them were allowed to be tenant farmers or to work as hired hands. In the 1620s, they had numbered around 75,000 people. Their people had lived in New England for thousands of years. By the 1680s, decimated by disease, alcohol, and wars with the settlers, their numbers had dropped to 20,000, only half the number of the new European settlers. One further notorious clash between Native Americans and settlers in the colonial period occurred on February 29, 1704, during a time when many tribes had sided with the French in the fight between French and English over the domination of northern New England. A company of 28 Frenchmen and 200 Native Americans launched an attack on Deer- field, Massachusetts, a town of three hundred residents, twenty miles south of what is now Vermont. Forty-eight Deerfield residents were killed, and 111 were taken hostage.

Analysis Of Starbucks Five Forces And Value Chain Case Study

Analysis Of Starbucks Five Forces And Value Chain Case Study Analysis Of Starbucks Five Forces And Value Chain – Case Study Example Analysis of Starbucks Five forces and value chain The porters five forces are used, in theory, to analyse the industry and develop a strategy. The effects include competition, consumers, suppliers, substitution of products. Their relationship is explained diagrammatically as below.Starbucks as a global coffee company generated $14.9 billion in revenues in the year 2013. It has a network of over 200,000 partners. Competition: it faces a lot of competition from well-established operators within the industry like McDonalds, Caribou Coffee and Costa. Customer bargaining is very high on its side due to low switching costs. In addition, there is a significant threat to its substitutes from tea, water, soft drinks among many others. Their suppliers also have a very high bargaining power due to the vast demand for coffee while only a few places favor its production. However, there is little threat concerning entrants because of the saturation of the market and massive investments required to establish operations into the market (Lee 2014). Value Chain Analysis allows the firm to know varied aspects of its operation. These include infrastructure, human resources, technology development and procurement. The analysis exists as primary activities and supports roles. Inbound logistics of Starbucks involves establishment and communication of Coffee quality. The company operates in over 50 countries through its licensed stores. Outbound logistics includes sales of the products directly through its stores (Lee 2014). There is little involved in marketing as the quality sells itself. However, the company provides high-level customer service as stipulated in its mission statement.Support services involve infrastructures such as well defined management planning, finance, accounting and legal support. HR is seen by the company as the most valuable asset and accorded the necessary requisite to work. The company uses technology to save on its costs and to bust efficiency and effecti veness. Its procurement wing deals with purchases required in production (Lee 2014).ReferencesLee, H. (2014). Starbucks Building supply chain excellence. New York: Springer.

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A DOLL'S HOUSE BY Henrik Ibsen - Essay Example You were a successful professional and a decent family man. You were a Man, who observed all the social rules and satisfied all the social expectations. But that was all. That evening I realized that you had no inner life, no identity other than your social one. Social rules and others’ opinion meant for you more than people around you. You thought of yourself through the eyes of others and you treated people according to their social roles. Those, who dared to break the rules you minded, who were inappropriate to the position you occupied, were to be isolated as immoral and dangerous. Your conventionality spread over your entire life, and even your attitudes to me. It was so pleasant (and so respectable) to have a young and beautiful wife, who was a triumph at all the parties, contributing to your firm position, and who entirely belonged to you! It aroused your desire, a desire of a lucky hunter. No, you did not love me. I was your trophy, your male toy. I existed merely to p erform tricks for you, Torvald. Do you remember what I told you that evening? Our marriage was a long-lasting performance; our home was a doll’s house. I was your doll-wife, and our children were my dolls. I thought it great fun when you played with me, just as they thought it great fun when I played with them. As you put it: The unutterable ugliness of it all! For shame! For shame! To feel a man you needed to hold me tight. My ‘womanly helplessness’, as you called it, gave me a double attractiveness in your eyes. I played the game you offered me. I had been taught this game since my childhood. And I liked it. It provided me with a well-known comfort. I knew, how painful and humiliating it would be for you, with your ‘manly independence’, to know that you owed me anything, that I was not that weak and brittle you wanted me to see! I realized that such knowledge would upset our mutual relations altogether and put the

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Plant Project - Research Paper Example A brief consideration of theoretical information about the mentioned plant will be beneficial for better perception of the results of the present study. Andrographis, or Andrographis paniculata, belongs to the family Acanthaceae. (Hobbs, Gardner, 2013, 17). The motherland to the plant is the Tropical Asia, particularly the Indian Subcontinent with its areas of India and Sri Lanka. (GRIN, 2005). Andrographis hs been naturalized to several geographic locations, it is widely cultivated and can be seen today in such regions as Africa (Mauritius), Temperate and Tropical Asia (China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia), Southern America (the Caribbean region), Central America, Australia. (GRIN, 2005). â€Å"The plant is erect and widely branching, reaching 2 to 3 feet tall, with long, green, square stems; small, lance-shaped leaves; and tiny, flecked, white to pale pink flowers in long, slim clusters.† (Hobbs, Gardner, 2013, 17). Andrographis is primarily used for the medical (medicines making) and treatment purposes: it is possible to find it at the chemists’ as tablets and capsules. (Hobbs, Gardner, 2013, 17). This plant possesses such beneficial from the medical point of view features as immunity boosting and antiviral effect. (Hobbs, Gardner, 2013, 17). Traditional form of this plant application has been the form of decoction or tea, which could be accompanied by herbs possessing sweet taste (stevia or licorice), because andrographis is very bitter. (Hobbs, Gardner, 2013, 18). The mentioned medicine shall be consumed before the meals due to its effect of the digestion enhancing. The point of concern here is that it is necessary to start with a dose of tea which is weak, and then reach stronger doses. (Hobbs, Gardner, 2013, 18). Andrographis is capable of treatment of a wide range of ailment conditions and diseases of a human body. It can be applied for preventing of flu and cold, and it

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The things we seen- hazardous materials - Essay Example The article presents with four incidents associated with the lack of knowledge regarding waste disposal which could have been safely avoided if proper regulations and methods were employed in the first place. The article provides for many important suggestions for the Emergency Responders which need to be taken care of when an incident of toxic material disposal comes up. It indicates the fact that an Emergency Responder should have adequate information regarding the different toxic materials and the methods that may be employed for their disposal. This is because incorrect techniques can result in severe consequences. Proper equipment with the Emergency Responders is also important which include remote drum openers as well as effective apparatus for the checking of the hazardous contents at the sites. The knowledge regarding the mixing of different chemicals should also be known along with the reactions caused by different hazardous substances so that essential decisions can be take n by the Emergency Responder at the site of the incidents. The article reports of four different cases where inappropriate methods of disposal were used.